The Prime Minister and the Cabinet

The Prime Minister (PM), the leader of the ruling political party, wields significant power in the UK’s political system. They appoint the Cabinet, oversee key public appointments, and reside at 10 Downing Street, the official residence. The PM can be replaced if they lose the confidence of their party or resign, typically after an electoral defeat.

The Cabinet, composed of around 20 senior MPs appointed by the PM, acts as the central decision-making body of the government. Key positions include the Chancellor of the Exchequer (responsible for the economy), the Home Secretary (overseeing crime, policing, and immigration), and the Foreign Secretary (managing international relations). The Cabinet meets regularly to formulate government policy, which is often subject to parliamentary debate and approval.

The Opposition and the Party System

The second-largest party in the House of Commons forms the official Opposition. The Leader of the Opposition challenges the government’s policies and offers alternative approaches. They lead their party in scrutinizing government actions and holding it accountable. The Leader of the Opposition also appoints a shadow cabinet to mirror the government’s structure and present alternative policies.

The UK’s political landscape is dominated by several major parties: the Conservative Party, the Labour Party, and the Liberal Democrats. Smaller parties representing regional interests also play a role. Independently elected MPs are rare.

Political parties actively engage the public through membership, fundraising, and campaigning. Pressure groups and lobby groups, representing various interests, also seek to influence government policy.

The Civil Service and Local Government

The Civil Service provides non-partisan support to the government, implementing policies and delivering public services. Civil servants are appointed on merit and adhere to principles of integrity, honesty, objectivity, and impartiality.

Local government, through elected councils, provides essential services at the local level. Councils are funded by central government grants and local taxes. Many local authorities have a mayor, either as a ceremonial figurehead or an elected leader.

Devolved Administrations

Devolution has granted greater autonomy to Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland in managing their own affairs.

• The Welsh Government: The National Assembly for Wales, based in Cardiff, has the power to legislate on matters such as education, health, economic development, and housing.
• The Scottish Parliament: Located in Edinburgh, the Scottish Parliament has broader legislative powers, including authority over civil and criminal law, health, education, and taxation.
• The Northern Ireland Assembly: Based in Belfast, the Northern Ireland Assembly operates under a power-sharing agreement, with responsibilities including education, agriculture, the environment, health, and social services.

The Media and Government

Parliamentary proceedings are televised and published in official reports (Hansard). The media, including newspapers, television, radio, and the internet, play a crucial role in informing the public about political issues and holding the government accountable. The UK has a free press, allowing for diverse viewpoints and scrutiny of those in power.

Who Can Vote?

All UK citizens, as well as citizens of Commonwealth countries and the Irish Republic resident in the UK, have the right to vote in public elections. EU citizens resident in the UK can vote in local and European elections but not in general elections.

The Electoral Register

To vote, individuals must be registered on the electoral register. Registration can be done through local councils, and the register is updated annually.

Where to Vote

Polling stations are designated locations where citizens cast their votes. Voters receive poll cards informing them of their polling station and election date.

Standing for Office

Most UK, Irish, and Commonwealth citizens aged 18 or over can stand for public office, with some exceptions, such as members of the armed forces and certain convicted criminals.

Visiting Parliament and Devolved Assemblies

The public can attend debates in Parliament and the devolved assemblies. Information about visiting arrangements can be found on the respective websites.